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Grain boundaries (GBs) widely exist in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) materials in experiment, which significantly affect the thermoelectric performance because of the scattering effect on the transport of both electron and phonon. Motivated by the research progress in 3D SnSe [Zhao et al. Science, 2018, 360, 778], we have systematically studied the GBs in a SnSe monolayer including their stable geometric configurations, the effect of GBs on the thermoelectric properties, and the strategies to improve the performance by using first principles calculations combined with semiclassical Boltzmann theory. We find that the GBs increase the potential energy barrier of carriers and decrease the valley degeneracy of the conducting bands, leading to the reduction of Seebeck coefficient, as compared to that of the pristine SnSe sheet. We further demonstrate that, the trapping gap states are effectively eliminated or reduced by doping germanium or silicon, leading to the enhanced electrical conductivity and reduced thermal conductivity, thus the thermoelectric performance of the SnSe sheet with GBs is synergistically enhanced. These findings shed lights on developing practical strategies for modulating the thermoelectric performance of 2D polycrystalline sheets.

MATERIALS FOR HUMANITY (MH 21)

The effect of grain boundary on the thermoelectric performance of 2D materials: a case study of monolayer SnSe

The 15th Joint MMM-INTERMAG Conference (2022 Joint) is sponsored jointly by AIP Publishing and the IEEE Magnetics Society. Members of the international scientific and engineering communities interested in recent developments in fundamental and applied magnetism are invited to attend and contribute to the technical sessions. The technical program will include invited and contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, invited symposia, a plenary session, and an evening session, with about 1500 presentations overall. This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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2022 Joint MMM-INTERMAG

This Conference provides an outstanding opportunity for worldwide participants to meet their colleagues and collaborators and discuss developments in all areas of magnetism research.

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MH 21 is arranged around 6 themes that focus attention on pressing needs that should be addressed to enhance the well-being of communities and provide a forum for presenting breakthrough discoveries.

Thermoelectric materials convert heat to electric power, and their performance quantified by the figure of merit, zT = (α2σ/κ)T. The data-driven screening combined with high-throughput calculations efficiently helps to find novel thermoelectric materials. The transport descriptors are one of the key factors to discover efficient thermoelectrics from the materials database. In our study, using a data-driven screening, we selected few potential candidates with trigonal ABX2 family and calculate the charge transport properties from first principles. Our results suggest that carrier scattering by ionized impurities and polar optical phonons are dominate in the electronic transport contrary to the often assumed acoustic-phonon-dominated scattering. We have derived new transport descriptors for the carrier mobility and the thermoelectric power factor. And along with thermal conductivity calculations using Peierls and interbranch coherent contributions, we conclude that the selected trigonal ABX2 family as potential thermoelectrics.

Data Driven Thermoelectrics: Electronic transport descriptors

Transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit polymorphs, such as 2H (trigonal coordination) and 1T (octahedral coordination) phases, which tends to have semiconducting and metallic nature, respectively. The distorted octahedral structures (Metastable 1T′-phase) show semi-metallic nature have immense interest for various applications in spintronics, energy harvesting and quantum devices etc. However, high-quality metastable 1T′-TMD synthesis without intercalation and external bias remains a great challenge. We have reported a general synthetic method for the large-scale preparation of metastable 1T′-phase TMDs and revealed the existence of superconductivity at TC = 8.6 K without any external gate bias, intercalation and pressure in 1T′-WS2. And have shown the thickness dependent and 2D-superconductivity features in our 1T′-WS2.

Low temperature electrical transport of metastable 1T′-WS2

Metal additive manufacturing is an invaluable part of robust and on-demand supply chains of the future. With its ability to consolidate material to high density into geometrically complex structures, selective laser melting (SLM) is a powerful tool for the fabrication of high strength, lightweight components. A limited pool of qualified alloys remains to be an impediment to greater adoption. Martensitic steels are a class of alloys that see widespread use in industries for tooling and highly stressed load bearing parts. However, their presence in the literature remains sparse in comparison to several workhorse steel alloys. In this work, we discuss the print optimization for this class of steels, including optimization of laser power, scanning speed, hatch distance and platform heating temperature. We investigate the general microstructural features of these steels, which is dominated by post-solidification displacive martensitic transformation and its response to cyclic thermal cycles in SLM. We demonstrate that martensitic high strength steels can be processed by SLM to have excellent mechanical properties in the as-printed state. Greater understanding of the SLM processing of this class of steels will enable the fabrication of stronger and lighter parts for increasingly demanding applications.

Untapped strength in metal additive manufacturing: characteristics and properties of martensitic steels by selective laser melting

316L stainless steel is being extensively employed as structural material in infrastructural, automotive, aerospace, and nuclear energy applications. However, one of the major drawbacks which limits its wider applications is its low yield strength (170-300 MPa in annealed state). We explored the strengthening of 316L stainless steel with dispersed ceramic particles through selective laser melting (SLM). The feedstock, powder mixture of 316L powder and ceramic particles, was mixed using low energy ball milling process. This method has a neglectable change on powder’s flowability and shape. Results showed that the ceramic particles were uniformly dispersed in the 316L matrix after SLM. In the meantime, the grain size of the 316L was significantly refined. Tensile tests showed that the yield strength of the strengthened 316L was increased about 40% (from 599 to 832 MPa). Meanwhile, the 316L stainless steel with dispersed ceramic particles has a good combination of high strength and ductility. The strength enhancement is primarily attributed to grain refinement and Orowan strengthening. These findings offer a new perspective on the strengthening of 316L stainless steel.

Strengthening of 316L stainless steel through selective laser melting and dispersed ceramic particles

γ-TiAl-based alloys have been studied for decades due to their attractive properties. The material has been successfully employed in the making of turbocharger for passenger vehicles and turbine blades for aircraft engines. However, the applications are still limited because of their poor formability. Electron beam powder bed fusion (EBPBF) is advanced in fabricating components with high complexity using the layer-wise building method. Studies have shown that γ-TiAl alloys can be successfully fabricated using EBPBF. In this work, a bimetal component consists of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (turbine blade) and Ti-6Al-4V (fir tree mount) was designed. To avoid the formation process of γ-TiAl, Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb was fabricated using EBM on a wrought Ti-6Al-4V substrate directly. Straight and curved diffusion interlayers were designed and achieved using different printing strategies. No defect was observed in both of the EBM built parts and the interlayer zones. The average tensile strength of the samples with curved interlayer reached 389 MPa, which was much higher than TiAl/Ti-6Al-4V brazing joints. The tensile test revealed that the fracture occurred in the interlayer zone that consisted of α2-Ti3Al and B2 phases. This work developed a promising application of γ-TiAl based alloys with less formation process.

Additive manufacturing of γ-TiAl and Ti-6Al-4V bimetal component using electron beam powder bed fusion

A microfluidic low pass filter LPF is a passive flow regulator fabricated by introducing the compliant element into the structure design , therefore controlling the flows with reduced needs from external facilities. Previous studies have reported such devices fabricated by soft lithography , However, soft lithography typically requires expertise, intensive laboring, and days of preparations which hindered the potential of a wider application and further commercialization. As the microfluidic market developed on a rapid basis recently the 3 D printing which emerged as a promising alternative to soft lithography due to its advantages such as rapid prototyping and computer-aided design process has received increasing attention in recent years . Besides, additive manufacturing also enables the modular paradigm where the individual elements could be harnessed in a plug n play way . In this work, we present a 3D printed design of microfluidic LPF, in which a modular assembly way is adopted . The characterization of the device is conducted and analyzed.
We demonstrate that this 3D printed LPF could work together with a PZT micropump to form a portable miniaturized mi microfluidic pumping system with stabilized flow output , which could be used in various applications in the future.

3D printed microfluidic low pass filter in modular paradigm

Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) has been one of the most popular tools for characterizing microstructures of materials and in particular alloys made by additive manufacturing (AM) in recent years. This characterization technique can provide abundant microstructural data, including phase distribution, grain size, grain boundary character, crystallographic orientation, and texture. However, it has recently been noticed that there are several challenges in the characterization of AM alloys by EBSD, causing the misunderstanding of material microstructures. This presentation discusses two challenges associated with the grain size determination by EBSD.
Grain size is an important parameter used in understanding the relationship between the mechanical property and microstructure of a 3D-printed alloy, and is usually measured by optical microscope (OM) and EBSD. However, a common issue is that the grain size determined by EBSD sometimes is inconsistent with that from OM. Here We measured the grain size from the same areas in a Ti64 sample by OM and EBSD, respectively, and compared the results, in order to correlate two techniques. The result shows that when the grain size is greater than 10um, the data from OM and EBSD can completely match. When the grain size is in the range of 4~10um, there is a significant deviation between the size distributions. For fine grains, e.g. <4um, the EBSD measurement is more reliable. This indicates that OM and EBSD are equivalent for analyzing grains which sizes are bigger than 10um, but EBSD is more suitable for measuring fine grains due to the higher spatial resolution than OM. Further analysis reveals that the accuracy of grain size measurement especially for the fine grains is strongly related to the threshold angle of grain boundary used in the EBSD data process.
Step size is another important parameter to determine the grain size. Another usual challenge in the EBSD analysis is how to choose the step size to obtain a high-quality EBSD map with high spatial resolution and high hit rate [1]. As the typical AM alloy has two different microstructural features in terms of grain size, melt pools with large columnar grains and fine-grained regions between the melt pools, researchers like to choose a small step size to map the sample. This is a conventional EBSD strategy used in the characterization of heterogeneous microstructures in materials. However, the recent characterization in Al printed alloys shows that such a strategy doesn’t work well at low magnification even a very small step size is used. Normally, grains in melt pools are visualized and measured well, but the fine grains at the melt pool boundaries are invisible at the low magnification due to the low hit rate. To improve EBSD map quality and grain size measurement at the fine-grained regions, higher magnification with a smaller step size has been used, but this condition limits the size of the mapping area. Compromising the magnification and grain size determination, a new EBSD strategy that includes two steps of mapping AM samples is recommended, firstly scanning a big area to show the domain microstructures of melt pools, and secondly mapping with higher magnification to show the typical fine-grained region in detail.

Challenges in EBSD characterization of heterogeneous microstructure in additively manufactured alloys

In the powder bed fusion process, exposure to oxygen and its incorporation into the melt pool is inevitable. Although oxygen exposure is conventionally recognized as a source of problems, recent experiments show otherwise, where the deliberate oxidation or introduction of oxygen actually improves the process and part quality. Hence, the influence of oxygen on the powder bed fusion process warrants further investigation. Yet, in-situ observation of the oxygen incorporation and its influence on melt pool dynamics is experimentally inexpedient, while oxygen-related effects in numerical models remain lacking. This work aims to shed light on the effect of oxygen content on melt pool dynamics through the use of thermal-fluid flow simulations. Our simulations have captured the oxygen absorption mechanism during melt pool formation and reveal its influence on the Marangoni effect and the subsequent oxygen distribution in the melt pool. The qualitative results obtained agree with experimental observations.

Influence of Oxygen Content on Melt Pool Dynamics

With flexible robots' development, the requirements for highly stretchable sensors are getting higher and higher. At present, flexible sensors have been widely used in wearable electronic devices to obtain human physical parameters, such as wearable electronic devices, motion recognition, and healthcare. Though the measuring ability of sensitivity and range has been largely improved compared to the traditional ones, the hysteresis in the loading and unloading state has always limited these sensors' application, which negatively influences the sensors' reliability and accuracy. In this paper, through the combination of highly stretchable dielectric elastomer cross-linked with polar hydrophobic ionic liquid and polymerized under UV light, a highly sensitive and highly stretched sensor is prepared, reaching up to 10 times stretchability at most and maintaining a low hysteresis (2.5%). The investigated sensor showed a very short response time (100ms), adjustable conductivity. Combined with some of our structural innovations, we have used smart gloves, touch sensors, and other applications to prove this material's broad prospects in soft robots, motion detection, wearable devices, and medical care.

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The effect of grain boundary on the thermoelectric performance of 2D materials: a case study of monolayer SnSe

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